Collaboration with non-custodial wallet application vendors Once a transaction’s origin was identiﬁed, collaboration with wallet application vendors may then identify the transaction source. Further collaboration with local Communication or Internet Service Providers (CSP or ISP) may help reveal a suspect's identity. This practice is also very limited: • Non-custodial wallet vendors, unlike exchanges and custodial wallets ("banks"), are not considered by Financial Action Task Force (FATF) as Virtual Asset Service Providers (VASP's), and thus have very limited compliance duties. • Some vendors, particularly foreign wallet vendors, may provide limited or no assistance. • A growing number of wallet applications are privacy oriented and refrain from keeping information that can be later linked to customers. • Some wallet applications are open-source, with servers run by a community, so there is no entity with whom to collaborate.